(Source: click image) The following chart can be guided by the presentation of the theory in Chapter 9" Holland's Theory of Personalities in Work Environments, "by Arnold R. Spokane, Erik J. Luchetta, Matthew H. Wichwine in Duane Brown (eds) Career Choice and Development. 4. Edition, San Francisco 2002, p. 373-462) and John L. Holland: Making Vocational Choices. A Theory of Vocational Personalities and Work Environments. 2. Edition, Psychological Assessment Resources: Odessa, Florida 1992nd
The theory of Holland I want to introduce a second theory, mainly because the model of the six personality types has been widely received in Germany. Thus, the process is the Explorix tool for career choice and career planning (Jörin 2008) is based or seminars within the project "Work and Study" grammar school in Bavaria used to be able to perform self-assessments of students who still have few concrete ideas about their professional future (State Institute for School Quality and Educational Research in Munich - ISB (ed.) 2005, see also Kühnl including 2009, p. 34ff.)
I. Background theory
When we study an individual, then we always study the environment in which the individual lives and with which it interacts. The related research direction is therefore referred to as "ecological psychology" (ecological psychology). Viewed from the influences of the environmental side, this means that differ in behavior and social roles because of their significant environmental features.
parallel, can identify stable dispositions such as values, interests, personality and disposition appropriate behavior without this effort and study. Viewed from the personal side, this means that determine the susceptibility, which selects the individual environment for themselves or visits, and therefore behaves as it is. It is from this perspective, the individual differences between people who are responsible for their behavior.
Both perspectives In summary, the person-environment interaction as the interaction of a distinct, if limited, Set of stable personalities with nature and the demands of the environment they inhabit describe.
John L. Holland begins his work in 1959 with the emphasis on the search aspect of person-environment fit:
"The person making a choice vocational in a sense searches for situations Which Satisfy his hierarchy of adjustive orientations" (Holland, 1959, S . 35).
The career choice is an expression of motivation, knowledge, personality and the abilities of humans. On the other hand, professions are not simply isolated from each other exisierende sets of job functions or work skills, but rather "environments". Occupations represent the way of life, a certain way to move in the world, to feel, think, to be.
II A practical model of person-environment interaction
During his decades of research, also came to six basic types that can be all professional activities described. In parallel, Holland and partners developed appropriate work environments.
"Holland's theory Describes the nature of disposition of the individual worker. He uses six basic personality types-interest classifier and the composition of the work environments # in which those individuals functions, according to set of parallel constructs. The interaction of certain types (and subtype combinations) with specific environments predicts and explains the behavior and interactions that Occur in those environments (satisfaction, stability, performance, and so on). "(Spokane, Brown 2002, p. 378f.)
The following theses from his 1997 book, give an overview :
first In our culture, most people one of the six following types are assigned: Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Entrepreneurial and Conventional type (Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, or Conventional).
the personality or interest types will now be described in more detail. They arise because of predisposition (genetic component) and by activity, active engagement in and with the world (action component). Types therefore arise due to active investment in the process of dealing with the world, crystallized certain interests and not of contemplation or observation may merely of mediated experiences. The described process culminated in a disposition or a tendency in certain predictable ways to act.
The last claim must be pursued here any further. It seems to me questionable in view of the continuous environmental change. In the context of school careers guidance is to be allowed to determine that because of the developmental age in any of the young People in the process of planning education is also completed only approximate. This has implications for how it should be meaningful, productive and sustainable deal with the results of tests of the debt, such as self-assessment.
The theory implies that many people comprise more than one type, in most cases to some degree all. The individual personality is a composite of all types, where each individual has a unique combination and severity.
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